Mohammad Amerian (Ph.D., 2019, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Iran) is currently an Assistant Professor of English at IRIB university, Iran, where he teaches general and special English courses at both graduate and postgraduate levels. His research interests include ESP/EAP, content knowledge and content-based instruction, and curriculum development. He has presented speeches at several national and international conferences focused on ELT (including three speeches so far at two International IESPTA; International ESP Teachers’ Association, conferences in 2022 & 2024) and published numerous articles in the very field. Amerian, in addition, is interested in psychological and socio-cultural aspects of second/foreign language learning and has conducted qualitative studies published in various journals. Email: mohammadamerian82@gmail.com 

 

 

Abstract

The “specific content” and “simulated working environment” have always been deciding in English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) courses. Numerous ESP investigations aimed to promote English courses for vocational purposes for 'On-the-Job' audiences. This paper reviews how Augmented Reality (AR) can efficiently create simulated ESP courses. AR offers highly facilitative features to workplace English courses the most important of which include a combination of digital and physical worlds, real-time interactions, and accurate 3D identification of both virtual and real objects. These features enable AR to provide a highly interactive atmosphere for workplace-dependent learners, making it an ideal choice for EOP classes. With AR, learners experience a blend of real-world and digitally generated perceptions, allowing them to integrate digital objects into real environments. The article advocates for the use of job simulation apps in EOP courses to enhance the "working" English learners need to master by the end of their courses and apply practically in their jobs.

 

Introduction

The rapid evolution of the internet and ongoing advancements in information technology (IT) have profoundly altered the landscape of language education, including English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses. These developments have led to significant transformations in both the methodologies and content of language instruction across formal educational settings (such as academic institutions and schools) and informal contexts (including free courses, on-the-job training, demonstrations, and vocational instruction). Over the past decade, digital technology has enriched ESP courses in various ways, ultimately enhancing the learning experiences of students across diverse professional domains.

One of the most significant impacts of digital technology on language education is the vast array of resources now accessible to both educators and learners. Digital platforms have facilitated access to a wealth of information, encompassing online journals, databases, and industry-specific materials that augment the educational experience. For example, educators can now effectively curate content that aligns with the professional interests of their students, whether in fields such as medicine, engineering, or business. This access not only enables the development of a more customized curriculum but also ensures that students engage with current and relevant materials that reflect the demands of their specific industries (Dudley-Evans & St. John, 1998).

Moreover, the promotion of interactive learning through digital technology has transformed the manner in which students engage with course content. Tools such as multimedia presentations, simulations, and virtual classrooms facilitate diverse learning modalities, thereby accommodating various learning styles and preferences. For instance, a medical English course might incorporate virtual simulations that provide students with realistic scenarios in which they can practice their language skills within a clinical context. Such immersive experiences not only enhance engagement but also allow students to apply their language skills in situ, thereby improving retention and comprehension.

The capacity to tailor the learning experience to individual needs represents another significant advantage offered by digital tools. As learners progress at their own pace, they can focus on specific areas pertinent to their professional aspirations, whether that involves specialized vocabulary, technical writing skills, or communication strategies (Chapelle, 2003). Adaptive learning technologies can assess a student's performance and recommend personalized content, thus creating a more effective and efficient educational journey. This individualized approach is particularly beneficial in ESP courses, where students typically present varying degrees of proficiency and specific linguistic needs related to their professional contexts (Basturkmen, 2010).

In addition to enhancing individual learning experiences, digital technology fosters collaboration and community among students. Online forums, discussion boards, and collaborative tools enable learners to engage in joint projects, share insights, and communicate with peers and instructors (Garrison & Vaughan, 2008). This sense of community is crucial in language learning, as it promotes peer feedback and support, which can significantly enrich the educational process. For instance, students in an ESP course might participate in group discussions regarding industry trends, share personal experiences, and provide constructive feedback on one another's work, thereby deepening their understanding of both the language and subject matter.

Assessment methodologies have also evolved in conjunction with the integration of digital technology. Online quizzes, tests, and immediate feedback mechanisms streamline the assessment process, allowing educators to monitor student progress more efficiently and identify areas for improvement (Brown, 2004). For example, an educator might utilize an online platform to administer a quiz that evaluates students' comprehension of technical vocabulary pertinent to their field. The immediate feedback provided can inform subsequent lessons and help students concentrate on specific areas that require further attention. This shift towards more dynamic assessment practices aligns well with the needs of ESP learners, who often necessitate prompt, actionable insights to facilitate their academic progression.

Another notable advantage of digital technology in language education is the capacity to simulate real-world scenarios. The incorporation of digital tools that create authentic contexts for language use can assist students in practicing their language skills in ways that are directly applicable to their professional fields. For instance, students in an ESP course designed for business professionals might engage in role-play exercises that simulate client meetings or presentations, enabling them to practice negotiation, persuasion, and presentation skills in English. Such practice is invaluable in equipping students for the demands they will encounter in their careers, thereby rendering their language learning experience more relevant and impactful (Belcher, 2006).

Furthermore, the global reach of the internet facilitates cross-cultural exchanges and interactions that were previously unattainable. Language learners can now connect with peers and professionals from around the world, fostering a deeper understanding of the cultural nuances that influence language use in specific contexts (Kramsch, 1993). This exposure not only enhances students' linguistic competencies but also broadens their perspectives and prepares them for the increasingly interconnected global workforce.

 

Digital technology and EOP courses

By integrating technological advancements, ESP courses are becoming more effective, engaging, and aligned with the needs of learners in various professional domains. Accordingly, the digital technology can also affect English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) courses, as well and as one of the key manifestations of the technology, Augmented Reality (AR) is able to significantly optimize English for occupational courses from various dimensions:

 

A Interactive learning 

Augmented Reality (AR) can significantly enhance English for occupational courses by providing interactive learning experiences that engage students in “immersive environments” where learners can practice English in context.

- Real-world simulations

AR can create realistic simulations of workplace environments where students can practice language skills relevant to their specific fields.

- Contextual learning

By overlaying digital information onto real-world objects, AR can help students learn vocabulary and phrases in context. For instance, in a manufacturing course, students could point their devices at machinery to receive information about its parts and functions in English. The advantage of the contextual approach in professional education is backed by research conducted by Dunleavy and Dede (2014), emphasizing the importance of contextual learning in enhancing language acquisition in specific fields.

- Interactive scenarios

AR can facilitate role-playing scenarios where students can engage in dialogues and problem-solving tasks. This interactive approach encourages active participation and helps improve speaking and listening skills in a professional context. As noted by Wu et al. (2013), interactive learning environments, including AR, promote student engagement and language proficiency

- Visual aids

AR can provide visual representations of complex concepts, making it easier for students to understand and remember terminology. For example, visualizing a marketing strategy or a business model can enhance comprehension and retention. This is supported by many works like Mikropoulos and Natsis (2011) who found that visual aids significantly improve learning outcomes in educational settings

- Feedback and assessment

AR applications can offer immediate feedback on language use, pronunciation, and grammar, allowing students to learn from their mistakes in real-time. The instant feedback loop can accelerate the learning process.

- Collaboration opportunities

AR can facilitate collaborative projects where students work together in a shared virtual space, enhancing their communication skills while also fostering teamwork. This collaborative aspect is echoed in studies such as Kamarainen, Metcalf and Gresalfi (2013) who stressed that AR can enhance collaborative learning experiences across disciplines.   

 

B Visual aids

By overlaying digital information onto the real world, Augmented Reality (AR) can provide visual support for complex concepts, making it easier for learners to understand and retain new language skills relevant to their field (Dunleavy & Dede, 2014). Visual aids are key in tailoring augmented reality and English for Occupational Purposes (EOP) courses.

- Interactive learning experience

AR can create simulations of real-world scenarios relevant to specific occupations, allowing learners to practice language skills in context. For example, a medical student could use AR to interact with a virtual patient, practicing both medical terminology and communication skills.

- Visual contextualization

By overlaying digital information onto physical environments, AR can help learners visualize complex concepts. For instance, in a construction course, AR can display architectural plans overlaid on a building site, helping students understand terminology and processes in a practical setting (Kamarainen & Metcalf, 2016; Wu et al., 2013).

- Enhanced engagement

AR can make learning more engaging by incorporating gamification elements. This can motivate learners to participate actively and improve their language skills through interactive tasks and challenges related to their field (Hamari, Koivisto, & Sarsa, 2014).

- Real-time feedback

AR applications can provide immediate feedback on language use, pronunciation, and comprehension, allowing learners to correct mistakes and improve their skills in real-time.  

- Cultural and contextual understanding

AR can expose learners to cultural nuances and context-specific language use, which is crucial in occupational settings. For example, it can simulate workplace interactions, helping learners understand appropriate language and behavior in different professional environments.

- Accessibility of resources

AR can make learning materials more accessible by providing visual representations of vocabulary and concepts, which can be particularly beneficial for visual learners or those with lerarning difficulties.   

 

C  Real-time feedback

AR applications can offer immediate feedback on language use, pronunciation, and grammar, allowing learners to correct mistakes and improve their skills in real-time.

- Interactive learning environments

AR can create dynamic learning environments where students can interact with 3D models and simulations. This hands-on approach allows learners to visualize complex concepts, making it easier to understand and retain information (Azuma, 1997; Dunleavy & Dede, 2014).

- Immediate assessment

With AR applications, educators can assess student understanding in real-time. For instance, as students engage with AR content, the system can track their interactions and provide instant feedback on their performance, helping them identify areas for improvement (Kirkley & Kirkley, 2005; Wu et al., 2013).

- Personalized learning

AR can adapt to individual learning paces and styles. By analyzing student interactions, AR systems can offer tailored feedback and resources, ensuring that each learner receives the support they need to succeed.

- Enhanced engagement

The immersive nature of AR can increase student motivation and engagement. When learners are actively involved in their education, they are more likely to seek feedback and apply it effectively (Klopfer & Squire, 2008).

- Collaborative learning

AR can facilitate collaborative projects where students work together in a shared augmented space. Real-time feedback can be provided not only from the system but also from peers, fostering a collaborative learning environment.

- Skill development

In vocational training or skill-based courses, AR can simulate real-world scenarios where students can practice skills. Immediate feedback on their performance helps them refine their techniques and improve their competencies (Dede, 2009).

 

D Engagement and motivation

The interactive nature of Augmented Reality (AR) can increase student engagement and motivation, making learning more enjoyable and effective. This can lead to better retention of language skills necessary for occupational success.

- Interactive learning experiences

AR allows students to interact with 3D models and simulations, making abstract concepts more tangible. This hands-on approach can lead to deeper understanding and retention of information (Dede, 2009).

- Immersive environments

By overlaying digital content onto the real world, AR creates immersive learning environments that can captivate students' attention and stimulate their curiosity, encouraging them to explore topics more thoroughly (Klopfer & Squire, 2008).

- Personalized learning

AR can be tailored to meet individual learning styles and paces, allowing students to engage with material in a way that suits them best. This personalization can increase motivation as learners feel more in control of their educational journey (Yoon, Park & Kim, 2017).

- Gamification elements

Incorporating game-like features through AR, such as challenges, rewards, and progress tracking, can make learning more enjoyable and competitive, further boosting student motivation (Deterding et al., 2011; Hamari, Koivisto, & Sarsa, 2014).

- Collaboration opportunities

AR can facilitate collaborative projects where students work together in a shared augmented space, fostering teamwork and communcation skills while enhancing engagement through social interaction.

- Real-world applications

By connecting course content to real-world scenarios through AR, students can see the relevance of what they are learning, which can increase their motivation to engage with the material (Kamarainen, Metcalf & Gresalfi, 2013; Billinghurst & Dunser, 2012).

 

E Cultural Context

Augmented Reality (AR) can provide cultural insights and context that are essential for effective communication in a professional setting, helping learners navigate workplace dynamics and etiquette.

- Interactive experiences

AR can overlay digital information onto the physical world, allowing users to interact with cultural artifacts, historical sites, or local traditions in real-time. This interactivity can enhance understanding and appreciation of different cultures.

- Educational tools

AR applications can serve as educational tools that provide historical context, language translations, and cultural significance of various elements within a specific environment. For example, an AR app could explain the history of a monument or the significance of a local festival (Dunleavy & Dede, 2014; Kamarainen, Metcalf & Gresalfi, 2013).

- Storytelling

AR can facilitate storytelling by bringing narratives to life through immersive experiences. Users can engage with stories that reflect the values, beliefs, and practices of different cultures, fostering a deeper connection and understanding.  

- Cultural preservation

AR can help preserve cultural heritage by digitally documenting and presenting cultural practices, languages, and traditions that may be at risk of being forgotten. This can be particularly valuable for indigenous cultures and communities.  

- Tourism enhancement

In the tourism sector, AR can enhance visitor experiences by providing contextual information about landmarks, art, and local customs, thereby enriching the cultural experience for travelers.

 

AR & workplace simulation

Apart from all the precious dimensions discussed so far, Augmented Reality (AR) can significantly enhance workplace simulation, as well, in several ways:

- Cost-effective solutions

By simulating real-world scenarios without the need for physical resources or equipment, AR can reduce costs associated with training and development. As noted by Wu et al. (2013), AR can facilitate immersive learning experiences that allow organizations to save on training expenditures by minimizing the need for physical materials and environments.

- Customization and scalability

AR simulations can be easily customized to meet the specific needs of different roles or industries, and they can be scaled to accommodate various group sizes. According to Dede (2009), the adaptability of AR technologies allows educators and trainers to create tailored learning experiences that align with specific curricular goals or workplace requirements.

- Data collection and analysis

AR systems can track user interactions and performance metrics, providing valuable data that can be analyzed to improve training programs and workplace processes. Research by Billinghurst and Dunser (2012) highlights the potential of AR in educational contexts to gather detailed analytics on user performance, which can be invaluable for refining training methodologies.

Moreover, the integration of AR in workplace training is supported by studies emphasizing its impact on engagement and retention. AR technologies can create engaging and interactive environments that facilitate deeper learning and skill acquisition.

 

AR & Occupational Efficiency

Augmented Reality (AR) can significantly enhance the productivity and efficiency of workers in offices, companies, etc. Below are the most important aspects of that.

- Training and onboarding

AR can provide immersive training experiences, allowing new employees to learn in a simulated environment. This can reduce the time and resources needed for traditional training methods.

- Remote assistance

AR enables remote experts to assist on-site workers by overlaying digital information onto the physical world. This can help in troubleshooting equipment or guiding complex tasks without the need for the expert to be physically present.

- Enhanced collaboration

AR can facilitate better collaboration among team members by allowing them to visualize and interact with 3D models or data in real-time, regardless of their physical location.

- Improved maintenance and repair

Workers can use AR to access step-by-step instructions and visual aids while performing maintenance or repairs, reducing errors and increasing efficiency.

- Visualization of data

AR can help workers visualize complex data sets in a more intuitive way, making it easier to analyze and make informed decisions.

- Safety training

AR can simulate hazardous situations for safety training, allowing workers to practice responses in a controlled environment without real-world risks.

 

Job simulators and English learning

Job simulation apps provide a practical and engaging way to enhance English language proficiency tailored to professional needs. These apps can improve English language skills in several ways:

- Contextual learning

These apps often simulate real-world job scenarios where users must communicate in English. This context helps learners understand how language is used in specific professional settings.

- Interactive practice

Users engage in interactive tasks that require them to read, write, speak, and listen in English, providing a comprehensive approach to language acquisition.

- Feedback mechanism

Many job simulation apps offer instant feedback on language use, helping users identify areas for improvement and reinforcing correct usage.

- Vocabulary development

By exposing users to industry-specific terminology and phrases, these apps enhance vocabulary relevant to particular job roles.

 

Confidence building

Practicing English in a simulated work environment can help users build confidence in their language skills, making them more comfortable in real-life situations.

 

Cultural understanding

Job simulations often incorporate cultural nuances and communication styles relevant to specific professions, aiding users in understanding the broader context of language use.

 

English Job Simulation Apps 

Applications can significantly aid in improving English language skills through various features and functionalities. Apps often provide personalized learning experiences based on the user's proficiency level, allowing for tailored content that meets individual needs. There are several English job simulation apps designed to help users practice and improve their job-related skills while simultaneously engage them with learning English. These apps can be beneficial for individuals looking to enhance their job readiness and understand workplace dynamics better.

Some popular options include:

- Job simulator

This app allows users to experience various job roles in a virtual environment, providing a fun and interactive way to learn about different professions.

- SimCity

While primarily a city-building game, it incorporates elements of management and decision-making that can simulate job responsibilities.

- The Sims

This life simulation game allows players to create and manage characters, including their careers, providing insights into job dynamics and work-life balance.

- Career Quest

This app offers various scenarios and challenges related to different careers, helping users develop problem-solving and decision-making skills.

- LinkedIn learning

While not a simulation app per se, it offers courses and simulations related to job skills, including communication, leadership, and project management.

Apps, Gamification and Improving English

Gamification is a key and inherent feature of job simulation apps that can improve English language skills in several ways:

- Engagement

By incorporating game elements such as points, levels, and rewards, learners are more likely to stay motivated and engaged in their studies. According to Hamari, Koivisto, and Sarsa (2014), gamification can significantly enhance user engagement and motivation in educational contexts, leading to improved learning outcomes.

- Interactive learning

Gamification often involves interactive activities that encourage active participation, which can enhance comprehension and retention of language concepts. Deterding et al. (2011) highlight that interactive elements in gamified environments facilitate deeper learning experiences by engaging learners in meaningful tasks.

 

Immediate feedback

Many gamified platforms provide instant feedback on performance, allowing learners to identify areas for improvement and adjust their strategies accordingly. In language learning, timely feedback helps learners make immediate corrections and enhances their self-regulation.

- Social interaction

Multiplayer games or collaborative tasks can foster communication and teamwork, providing opportunities for learners to practice their English in a social context. Vygotsky’s (1978) theories on social constructivism suggest that social interaction is crucial for cognitive development, particularly in language learning.

- Goal setting

Gamification encourages setting specific, achievable goals, which can help learners track their progress and stay focused on their language learning objectives. The goal-setting theory supports motivation and performance, particularly when learners are involved in defining their own learning objectives.

- Fun and Enjoyment: By making learning enjoyable, gamification can reduce anxiety associated with language learning, creating a more positive learning environment. Csikszentmihalyi's (1990) concept of flow illustrates how enjoyable experiences can facilitate learning and enhance motivation.

 

Conclusion

In the contemporary landscape of professional communication, the ability to use English effectively is paramount. For professionals working in diverse fields, mastering the language can lead to better retention of language skills and concepts relevant to their profession. This is where simulation applications come into play. These digital tools not only facilitate language learning but also integrate crucial elements that enhance the learner's experience and outcomes. Simulation apps provide a unique platform for language learners to engage with English in a context that mirrors real-world professional scenarios. Contextualized learning enhances the ability to retain information because it connects new knowledge with existing experiences. By immersing learners in job-specific simulations, these applications allow them to practice language skills that are directly relevant to their career aspirations.

- Instant feedback and continuous improvement

One of the most significant features of simulation apps is their ability to provide instant feedback. This immediate reinforcement allows learners to identify areas for improvement and adjust their language use accordingly. According to Hattie and Timperley (2007), feedback is one of the most powerful influences on learning and achievement. In the context of language acquisition, feedback helps learners understand their strengths and weaknesses, guiding them toward more effective communication strategies. For instance, a learner in a simulation designed for medical professionals might receive real-time feedback on their use of medical terminology, allowing them to refine their vocabulary and pronunciation. This immediate response not only aids in skill retention but also boosts learners' confidence, as they can see tangible progress in their language abilities.

- Cultural nuances and professional interaction

Effective communication in a professional environment extends beyond grammatical accuracy; it involves an understanding of cultural nuances and contextual appropriateness. Simulation apps often integrate scenarios that expose learners to the subtleties of industry-specific communication, which is crucial for effective interaction in diverse workplaces. According to Byram (1997), intercultural competence is essential in today’s globalized world, where professionals frequently engage with colleagues from different cultural backgrounds. Through simulations, learners can practice not only the language but also the cultural norms that govern communication in their respective fields. As an example, a business simulation might teach learners about the importance of politeness and indirect communication in specific cultures, thereby preparing them for successful negotiations and collaborations in international settings.

- Building confidence in real-world situations

The anxiety associated with using English in professional contexts can be a significant barrier for many learners. Simulation apps provide a safe space for practice, allowing learners to build their confidence before entering real-world situations. According MacIntyre and Gardner (1991), anxiety can negatively impact language performance, making it essential for learners to feel comfortable and competent when using English. By practicing in a simulated environment, learners can “experiment” with language use and receive constructive feedback without the fear of making mistakes in high-stakes scenarios. This experiential learning approach aligns with Kolb's (1984) experiential learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of reflection and experience in the learning process.

- Tailored learning experiences

Job simulation apps can often be tailored to specific industries or job roles, allowing learners to focus on the language and skills most relevant to their career goals. This customization enhances the relevance of the learning experience, making it more engaging and effective. According to Reigeluth (1999), personalized learning paths can significantly improve learner engagement and outcomes by addressing individual needs and preferences. For example, a simulation designed for the hospitality industry might focus on customer service language, while one for engineering could emphasize technical vocabulary and project management terminology. This targeted approach ensures that learners are not only practicing English but are also acquiring the specific skills necessary for their chosen fields.

- The role of augmented reality (AR) in language learning

As technology continues to evolve, integrating Augmented Reality (AR) into English for occupational courses is becoming increasingly feasible and beneficial. AR can create a more dynamic and effective learning experience, offering interactive and contextualized learning opportunities. AR enhances engagement by allowing learners to visualize complex concepts and scenarios in real time. By incorporating AR into simulation apps, learners can interact with virtual environments that mimic their workplaces, further bridging the gap between theory and practice. This immersive experience can lead to improved language proficiency, as learners are able to apply their skills in realistic contexts.

- Gamification and engagement

Gamification, a key feature of many simulation apps, adds an element of enjoyment and motivation to the language learning process. By introducing game-like elements such as points, levels, and rewards, learners are more likely to engage with the material and persist in their studies. According to Deterding et al. (2011), gamification can enhance user engagement and promote a sense of achievement, which is vital for language acquisition. For instance, learners might earn points for completing tasks in a simulation, encouraging them to practice more frequently and take risks in their language use. This playful approach not only makes learning enjoyable but also reinforces language concepts in a memorable way.

- Cultural awareness and globalization

In a globalized world, understanding cultural differences is vital for effective communication. Simulation apps can serve as a powerful tool for promoting cultural awareness and understanding, as they often incorporate scenarios that reflect diverse cultural contexts. According to Kramsch (1993), language learning is inherently tied to culture, and developing intercultural competence is essential for successful communication in professional settings. By engaging with simulations that depict various cultural norms and practices, learners can develop a deeper appreciation for the complexities of communication in a multicultural environment. This understanding is increasingly important in today’s interconnected world, where professionals must navigate cultural differences to collaborate effectively.

- Enhancing workplace productivity

For organizations, integrating simulation apps into their training programs can lead to enhanced worker capabilities and improved overall productivity. By equipping employees with the necessary language skills and cultural knowledge, companies can streamline processes and foster a more inclusive work environment. According to Salas et al. (2012), effective training programs can significantly boost employee performance and job satisfaction.

In conclusion, simulation apps serve as invaluable tools in English for occupational courses by providing practical, engaging, and context-rich language learning experiences. They prepare learners for real-world professional communication, enhance cultural awareness, and build confidence in language use. As technology continues to advance, the integration of AR and gamification into these applications will further transform language learning, making it more dynamic and effective. By embracing these innovative tools, educators and organizations can foster language acquisition and professional readiness in an increasingly globalized workforce.

 

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